Title: Multi-scale analysis of temperature and air pollution predictors in large Canadian cities

Authors
Isabella C Richmond

Department of Biology, Concordia University

Nicole Yu

Department of Biology, Concordia University

Alec L Robitaille

Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Kayleigh Hutt-Taylor

Department of Biology, Concordia University

Dr. Carly D Ziter

Department of Biology, Concordia University

* isabella.richmond@mail.concordia.ca

Tables

Table S1a. Mean and standard deviations of all response variables. Scale indicates the scale of the model/data. For the model data, pixel values from satellite images across a city, neighbourhood, or street area were averaged. For this table, the values for each neighbourhood or street in a city were then summarized at the city scale, taking the average and standard deviation. There are no air pollutant measurements at the street scale, as the data is too coarse. Temperature measurements are in degrees Celsius and air pollutant measurements are in mol/m2.

City Scale Mean Temperature Std Dev Temperature Mean CO Std Dev CO Mean NO2 Std Dev NO2 Mean O3 Std Dev O3 Mean UV Std Dev UV
Calgary City 34 3.70 0.033 0.0100 2.9e-05 9.0e-06 0.15 NA -0.24 0.69
Halifax City 24 4.40 0.038 0.0070 1.7e-05 6.4e-06 0.15 NA -0.69 0.51
Montreal City 32 2.40 0.039 0.0082 4.1e-05 2.0e-05 0.15 NA -0.39 0.65
Ottawa City 28 0.79 0.039 0.0079 1.8e-05 8.5e-06 0.15 NA -0.61 0.58
Toronto City 35 2.40 0.038 0.0066 5.8e-05 2.7e-05 0.15 NA -0.54 0.59
Vancouver City 31 4.50 0.034 0.0076 5.5e-05 2.3e-05 0.15 NA -0.38 0.73
Winnipeg City 30 2.20 0.040 0.0120 1.8e-05 6.5e-06 0.15 NA -0.31 0.75
Calgary Neighbourhood 35 1.70 0.033 0.0098 3.1e-05 1.5e-05 0.15 0.0120 -0.19 0.74
Halifax Neighbourhood 26 0.53 0.038 0.0075 1.9e-05 9.3e-06 0.15 0.0100 -0.65 0.62
Montreal Neighbourhood 32 0.17 0.040 0.0084 3.9e-05 2.3e-05 0.15 0.0120 -0.38 0.67
Ottawa Neighbourhood 30 2.00 0.039 0.0078 2.0e-05 1.1e-05 0.15 0.0091 -0.55 0.66
Toronto Neighbourhood 34 0.78 0.039 0.0070 5.8e-05 3.2e-05 0.15 0.0095 -0.55 0.66
Vancouver Neighbourhood 32 0.79 0.034 0.0078 5.5e-05 2.6e-05 0.15 0.0110 -0.37 0.76
Winnipeg Neighbourhood 31 1.30 0.040 0.0130 2.0e-05 8.8e-06 0.15 0.0130 -0.24 0.78
Calgary Street 34 3.80 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Halifax Street 32 1.30 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Montreal Street 32 1.90 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ottawa Street 32 3.00 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Toronto Street 35 2.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vancouver Street 32 3.50 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Winnipeg Street 31 3.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Table S1b. Mean and standard deviations of all explanatory variables. Scale indicates the scale of the model/data. For the model data,values across the city, neighbourhood, or street area were averaged. For this table, the values for each neighbourhood or street in a city were then summarized at the city scale, taking the average and standard deviation.

City Scale Area (km2) Basal Area (m2/m2) Stem Density (ind/km2) Species Richness Shannon Functional Group Richness Functional Group Shannon Mean DBH (cm) Std Dev DBH (cm) Popuation Mean NDVI Mean NDBI Building Density (buildings/km2) Building Density (km2/km2) Proportion Highway Road Density (km/km2) Population Density (ind/km2) Mean Building Height (m) Std Dev Building Height (m) Single Detached Homes (%) Large Apt Building (%) Semi-Detached Home (%) Row House (%) Duplex Apartment (%) Small Apt Building (%) Moving Dwelling (%) Median Income ($) Recent Immigrants (%) Indigenous People (%) Visible Minorities (%) Highly Educated (%) Low-Income (%)
Calgary City 920.0 2.6e-05 500 170.0 3.1 5.0 1.30 19 17 1300000 0.27 -0.061 430 0.084 0.0710 8.0 4100 6.0 5.4 0.610 0.053 0.064 0.096 0.041 0.130 2.8e-03 42000 0.120 0.0300 0.41 0.43 0.090
Halifax City 1100.0 6.4e-06 62 210.0 3.8 6.0 1.20 24 27 390000 0.48 -0.240 79 0.016 0.0670 2.0 3400 6.1 5.1 0.470 0.140 0.078 0.043 0.036 0.210 1.9e-02 38000 0.061 0.0360 0.18 0.42 0.130
Montreal City 270.0 7.4e-05 770 260.0 3.4 6.0 1.20 26 23 1600000 0.26 -0.080 400 0.170 0.0430 13.0 12000 7.6 7.5 0.096 0.150 0.037 0.038 0.120 0.560 3.6e-04 35000 0.110 0.0061 0.36 0.46 0.170
Ottawa City 3000.0 5.4e-06 79 140.0 3.5 5.0 1.30 22 20 1000000 0.48 -0.190 71 0.018 0.0370 2.4 4400 5.3 5.0 0.460 0.140 0.055 0.230 0.018 0.094 2.3e-03 46000 0.076 0.0260 0.32 0.48 0.091
Toronto City 670.0 7.8e-05 890 180.0 3.7 6.0 1.20 25 22 2900000 0.30 -0.090 490 0.150 0.0570 9.7 14000 7.3 9.3 0.280 0.400 0.070 0.063 0.049 0.130 3.2e-05 38000 0.120 0.0058 0.56 0.48 0.130
Vancouver City 120.0 1.5e-04 1200 370.0 4.2 6.0 1.10 30 24 690000 0.30 -0.100 840 0.160 0.0180 13.0 12000 7.6 9.0 0.180 0.260 0.016 0.039 0.220 0.280 5.0e-05 39000 0.110 0.0210 0.55 0.52 0.130
Winnipeg City 570.0 3.4e-05 350 100.0 2.5 6.0 1.10 29 20 760000 0.32 -0.120 450 0.091 0.0490 6.8 4100 4.3 4.3 0.630 0.100 0.043 0.039 0.017 0.170 2.1e-03 36000 0.120 0.1200 0.34 0.36 0.130
Calgary Neighbourhood 1.8 8.2e-05 1100 47.0 2.6 4.6 1.20 22 17 4100 0.23 -0.042 750 0.140 0.0730 12.0 3900 6.9 4.6 0.510 0.098 0.062 0.100 0.060 0.170 1.2e-06 43000 0.110 0.0300 0.36 0.49 0.110
Halifax Neighbourhood 27.0 7.7e-06 120 83.0 3.2 4.9 1.10 16 16 20000 0.39 -0.180 140 0.025 0.0490 3.2 1300 4.9 3.3 0.620 0.050 0.120 0.020 0.022 0.100 5.9e-02 39000 0.031 0.0480 0.13 0.31 0.092
Montreal Neighbourhood 22.0 7.4e-05 860 130.0 3.2 5.7 1.10 25 21 110000 0.22 -0.068 330 0.180 0.0500 13.0 12000 8.1 6.7 0.099 0.140 0.020 0.036 0.110 0.580 3.5e-04 35000 0.100 0.0080 0.35 0.47 0.180
Ottawa Neighbourhood 27.0 4.3e-05 510 63.0 3.1 4.9 1.20 23 18 8800 0.37 -0.140 440 0.110 0.0350 9.2 4100 5.1 4.1 0.470 0.160 0.053 0.220 0.016 0.086 2.4e-03 45000 0.073 0.0270 0.30 0.48 0.095
Toronto Neighbourhood 4.1 1.0e-04 1100 93.0 3.4 5.9 1.10 25 22 17000 0.28 -0.085 560 0.180 0.0460 11.0 14000 8.7 8.4 0.290 0.370 0.082 0.059 0.049 0.150 1.8e-05 40000 0.110 0.0067 0.51 0.51 0.130
Vancouver Neighbourhood 5.6 1.4e-04 1200 180.0 4.0 5.6 1.10 31 23 29000 0.23 -0.056 890 0.160 0.0032 13.0 8100 6.6 3.8 0.210 0.100 0.023 0.059 0.250 0.340 0.0e+00 37000 0.095 0.0290 0.51 0.51 0.150
Winnipeg Neighbourhood 1.7 7.5e-05 700 29.0 2.0 4.6 1.00 27 16 3200 0.25 -0.067 780 0.140 0.0600 11.0 3400 5.4 3.9 0.600 0.130 0.045 0.046 0.017 0.160 2.1e-03 37000 0.110 0.1300 0.31 0.36 0.140
Calgary Street NA 1.7e-04 2700 6.6 1.4 3.1 0.87 22 14 30 0.20 -0.034 1100 0.150 NA NA 3600 5.3 2.5 0.640 0.032 0.070 0.075 0.059 0.120 3.3e-05 44000 0.095 0.0290 0.32 0.45 0.085
Halifax Street NA 2.2e-04 1700 6.5 1.5 2.7 0.76 26 18 24 0.31 -0.110 850 0.110 NA NA 3200 5.5 3.0 0.510 0.088 0.093 0.045 0.057 0.200 5.7e-03 39000 0.047 0.0340 0.16 0.46 0.110
Montreal Street NA 1.9e-04 2100 7.6 1.6 2.9 0.80 26 17 77 0.22 -0.061 650 0.190 NA NA 10000 6.9 3.1 0.140 0.094 0.051 0.038 0.120 0.560 2.3e-04 35000 0.098 0.0058 0.35 0.46 0.160
Ottawa Street NA 1.5e-04 1900 7.3 1.6 3.0 0.88 24 15 30 0.30 -0.099 840 0.160 NA NA 3900 4.8 2.5 0.550 0.069 0.070 0.190 0.021 0.093 1.1e-03 47000 0.058 0.0220 0.28 0.52 0.075
Toronto Street NA 2.3e-04 2200 9.8 1.8 3.2 0.84 28 20 50 0.25 -0.073 810 0.150 NA NA 7400 6.3 3.4 0.450 0.140 0.110 0.057 0.074 0.170 0.0e+00 41000 0.082 0.0063 0.46 0.51 0.100
Vancouver Street NA 3.1e-04 2800 7.7 1.6 2.8 0.69 30 19 55 0.26 -0.073 810 0.110 NA NA 7300 6.4 3.1 0.290 0.088 0.022 0.036 0.300 0.270 8.9e-05 38000 0.093 0.0180 0.56 0.51 0.120
Winnipeg Street NA 1.9e-04 2000 4.9 1.0 2.6 0.60 29 13 28 0.25 -0.063 910 0.130 NA NA 3200 4.2 2.4 0.740 0.052 0.043 0.037 0.013 0.120 2.5e-03 39000 0.091 0.1100 0.28 0.38 0.100

Table S2. Data sources used in the study.

Dataset Area/Link Data Type
Neighbourhood

Halifax

Montreal

Ottawa

Toronto

Winnipeg

Calgary

Vancouver

 Shapefile/CSV
Parks

Halifax

Montreal

Ottawa

Toronto

Winnipeg

Calgary

Vancouver

 Shapefile/CSV
Street Trees

Halifax

Montreal

Ottawa

Toronto

Winnipeg

Calgary

Vancouver
Census Metropolitan Areas National Shapefile
Roads National Shapefile
Dissemination Areas National Shapefile
2021 Census National CSV
Buildings National Shapefile
NDVI/NDBI International - Sentinel 2 (5 day revisit frequency) TIFF
Land Surface Temperature International - Landsat 8 (2 week revisit frequency) TIFF
Air Pollutants International - Sentinel 5p TROPOMI (2 day revisit frequency) TIFF

Table S3. Model Performance

Figures

Figure S1. Example of satellite image coverage of Toronto neighbourhoods. Depicted is a single satellite image, with cloudy pixels removed. To be included in our analysis, satellite images had to cover an estimated 50% or more of the area of a city or neighbourhood, or 100% of a street area.

Figure S2a. Variable importance plot for temperature model at the city scale.

Figure S2b. Variable importance plot for carbon monoxide model at the city scale.

Figure S2c. Variable importance plot for nitrogen dioxide model at the city scale.

Figure S2d. Variable importance plot for ozone model at the city scale.

Figure S2e. Variable importance plot for UV aerosols model at the city scale.

Figure S2f. Variable importance plot for temperature model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S2g. Variable importance plot for carbon monoxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S2h. Variable importance plot for nitrogen dioxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S2i. Variable importance plot for ozone model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S2j. Variable importance plot for UV aerosols model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S2k. Variable importance plot for temperature model at the street scale.

Figure S3a. Model performance plot for temperature model at the city scale.

Figure S3b. Model performance plot for carbon monoxide model at the city scale.

Figure S3c. Model performance plot for nitrogen dioxide model at the city scale.

Figure S3d. Model performance plot for ozone model at the city scale.

Figure S3e. Model performance plot for sulfur dioxide model at the city scale.

Figure S3f. Model performance plot for UV aerosols model at the city scale.

Figure S3g. Model performance plot for temperature model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S3h. Model performance plot for carbon monoxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S3i. Model performance plot for nitrogen dioxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S3j. Model performance plot for ozone model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S3k. Model performance plot for sulfur dioxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S3l. Model performance plot for UV aerosols model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S3m. Model performance plot for temperature model at the street scale.

Figure S4a. Accumulated local effects (ALE) plot for carbon monoxide model at the city scale.

Figure S4b. Accumulated local effects (ALE) plot for ozone model at the city scale.

Figure S4c. Accumulated local effects (ALE) plot for UV aerosols model at the city scale.

Figure S4d. Accumulated local effects (ALE) plot for carbon monoxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S4e. Accumulated local effects (ALE) plot for nitrogen dioxide model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S4f. Accumulated local effects (ALE) for UV aerosols model at the neighbourhood scale.

Figure S5a. Partial dependency plot for nitrogen dioxide model at the city scale.

Figure S5b. Partial dependency plot for ozone model at the neighbourhood scale.